![]() While CMRF are escalating in developing countries, overall and micronutrient malnutrition remains highly prevalent, even among adults in several instances. Conversely, a positive relationship between sedentary lifestyle and number of CMRF ( Reference Kruger, Venter and Vorster 7 ) has been demonstrated, with WHO estimates suggesting that almost two million deaths per year worldwide are attributable to physical inactivity ( Reference Brundtland 8 ). The inverse association between physical activity and obesity, blood pressure, insulin sensitivity and lipid profiles is well established ( Reference Forrest, Bunker and Kriska 6 ). Indeed, there is convincing evidence linking high intake of energy-dense foods and saturated fat, low intake of fruits and vegetables, and sedentary lifestyle with CMRF ( 5 ). Evidence suggests that the nutrition transition ( Reference Popkin 4 ), with progressive shifts of diet and lifestyle toward Western patterns, plays a crucial role in the increased prevalence of CMRF ( Reference Despres, Cartier and Cote 1 ) in developing countries. It is widely accepted that CMRF are becoming the leading contributors to the burden of disease, death and disability over the world, and that mortality from NCD is higher and occurs at a younger age in developing than developed countries ( Reference Abegunde, Mathers and Adam 2, Reference Misra and Khurana 3 ). Risk factors for non-communicable diseases (NCD), including cardiometabolic risk factors (CMRF) ( Reference Despres, Cartier and Cote 1 ) and the metabolic syndrome (MetS), are increasing worldwide and even more rapidly in developing countries ( Reference Abegunde, Mathers and Adam 2 ). This stresses the need for prevention strategies addressing both ends of the nutrition spectrum. ![]() The rapid nutrition transition is reflected in this co-occurrence of CMRF and nutritional deficiencies. ‘Traditional’ dietary pattern, low income, female sex and sedentary time were significant contributing factors to the double burden of malnutrition. Subjects in the ‘traditional’ cluster spent more time in physical activity and had less sedentary time than those in the ‘urban’ cluster. CMRF prevalence (abdominal obesity, hypertension, hyperglycaemia, dyslipidaemia) was similar in both clusters. Female sex, low income and lack of education were associated with the ‘traditional’ cluster, as well as Fe and vitamin A deficiency. ![]() The ‘urban’ cluster exhibited a higher intake of fat and sugar, whereas a higher intake of plant protein, complex carbohydrate and fibre was observed in the ‘traditional’ pattern. Cluster analysis of dietary intake identified two dietary patterns: ‘urban’ (29 % of subjects) and ‘traditional’ (71 %). We performed anthropometric, dietary intake and physical activity measurements, and blood sample collection. In each income stratum, 110 individuals aged 25–60 years and having lived in Ouagadougou for at least 6 months were randomly selected. We randomly selected 330 households stratified by income tertile. ![]() ![]() A population-based cross-sectional study was carried out in the northern neighbourhoods of Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso), to examine the relationship of nutritional deficiencies and cardiometabolic risk factors (CMRF) with lifestyle in adults. ![]()
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